Definition and Examples of Exclamatory Sentences

Definition and Examples of Exclamatory Sentences In English grammar, an exclamatory sentence is a type of main clause  that expresses strong feelings by making an exclamation. Compare this with sentences that make a statement  (declarative sentences), express a command  (imperative sentences), or ask a question  (interrogatory sentences). An exclamatory sentence is also called an  exclamative or an exclamative clause. An exclamatory sentence usually ends with an exclamation point  (!). With the appropriate intonation, other sentence types- especially declarative sentences- can be used to form exclamatives.   Adjectives in  Exclamatory Phrases and Clauses Exclamatory phrases can stand on their own as sentences- such as if someone says No way! or uses interjections such as Brrr!- without even needing to have a subject and a verb in them, though to qualify as an exclamatory clause or sentence, a subject and verb need to be present. Author Randolph Quirk and his colleagues explain how adjectives play a part in creating exclamatory phrases and clauses: Adjectives (especially those that can be complement when the subject is eventive, eg: Thats excellent!) can be exclamations, with or without an initial wh-element...:​  Excellent! (How) wonderful!...Such adjective phrases need not be dependent on any previous linguistic context but may be a comment on some object or activity in the situational context. (​A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman, 1985) Interrogative Clauses as Exclamations In addition to sentences that have the typical declarative  subject-verb  structure, there are exclamatory sentences that take a positive or negative interrogative structure. For example, examine the sentence structure here: Oh wow, was that a great concert! Note that the verb was comes before the subject concert. If youre having trouble parsing out subjects for these type of sentences, look first for the verb and then find the subject by deciding what belongs to the verb. Here, its concert, as you could put the sentence in a subject-verb order as Oh wow, that concert was great!   There are exclamatory questions, too, such as, Isnt this fun! or Well, what do you know! And there are rhetorical questions of surprise, such as What?! that end with both a question mark and an exclamation point.   Avoid Overuse in Your Writing Exclamative types of sentences rarely appear in  academic writing, except when theyre part of  quoted  material, which would likely be rare in that field. Please be aware that overuse of exclamations and exclamation points in  essays, nonfiction articles, or in fiction is a sign of amateurish writing. Use them only when absolutely necessary, such as  in direct  quotes and dialogue. Even then, revise out what you can in order to leave only the most necessary. Dont allow exclamation points (and exclamatory sentences) to become a crutch to carry the emotion of a scene. In fiction, the words the characters speak and the tension in the scene driven by the narration should be what expresses the emotion. The author voice  in an essay or nonfiction article should carry the message; exclamations should be restricted to direct quotes attributed to sources. A good rule of thumb to follow for any piece of writing is to allow only one exclamation point for every 2,000 words (or more, if possible). Revising them out of your drafts will make your overall piece stronger by the time its finalized.

How Are SAT Subject Tests Scored

How Are SAT Subject Tests Scored SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Picture this: you sit down to take an SAT Subject Test. You answer somewhere from 50 to 95 questions in an hour. A few weeks later, you log on to your College Board account and see a score for your test on a scale of 200-800.Somehow, the results from your multiple-choice test got turned into this final scaled score. But how did this happen? How are SAT Subject Tests scored? In this article, I’ll discuss how your raw score for the exam is calculated, how this is converted into your final score, and what SAT Subject Test scoringmeans for youin terms of setting- and meeting- a target score. How Is Your Raw SAT Subject Score Calculated? Your raw score is your point total on the SAT Subject Test before it’s been converted to your final score on the 200-800 point scale. So if there are 60 questions, the highest raw score you could get would be 60. However, unlike with the regular SAT, your raw score isn’t based only on how many questions you get right but also onhow many questions you get wrong.This so-called "guessing penalty," which was designed to discourage random guessing, means that for every question you get wrong, a fraction of a point will be deducted from your raw point total for questions you’ve answered correctly. The point deduction for answering a given question incorrectlyis based on the number of answer choices for the question: -1/4 pointper incorrect five-choice question -1/3 pointper incorrect four-choice question -1/2 pointper incorrect three-choice question 0 points per question left unanswered Most questions on SAT Subject Tests are five-choice questions, so the guessing penalty is usually just a quarter-point. Subject Test raw scores are rounded to the nearest whole point. In other words, half-points and above round up, while anything below a half-point rounds down. So a 33.25 would round down to 33, whereas a 33.5 would round up to 34. Your raw score, then, can be expressed as follows: # of answers right − (# of answers wrong x guessing penalty) = raw score (rounded to nearest whole number) If, on a 60-question Subject Test such as Literature, you get 45 questions right, get five wrong, and leave 10 blank, your raw score would be as follows: 45 answered correctly− (5 answered incorrectly x 0.25 guessing penalty) = 45− 1.25 = 43.75 43.75 rounded to the nearest whole number = 44 Raw score = 44 points To recap: SAT Subject Test scoring is based on both how many questions you get right and how many you get wrong. Once that number is established, though, how does the College Board come up with your 200-800 point score? Read on to find out! The College Board: a pictorial representation. How Your Final SAT Subject Test Score Is Calculated If you've been taking practice tests usingThe Official Study Guide to ALL SAT Subject Tests,you might have noticed that there is a chart for converting your raw score on a practice test to a scaled score after each practice exam. These charts can give you a loose ballpark as to how a certain raw score on one test might convert to a scaled score from 200 to 800, but they're not exact. There is no consistent formula you can use to convert a raw SAT Subject Test score to a scaled score. This is because the College Board equates scaled scores to make it so thatscores are comparable between different administrations of the test.Equating accounts for small difficulty variations and minor differences in the skill levels of test takers on different test dates. Basically, your individual score won’t suffer if the people who took the Subject Test with you were unusually strong in that subject. (On the flip side, your score won't be better, either, if the people who sat with you were unusually weak in the subject.) In other words, a 650 from the Math II test you took in November willreflect the same level of masteryas Anya’s 650 score on the Math II test next May. Even if your test administration was full of state math-team champions and hers had mostly people who failed geometry, neither of these factors will influence your final scaled scores! Equating works to your advantage- you don’t want to have to worry about who else is taking the test the same day as you, or whether your edition of the test will be a little harder than usual. I do not, unfortunately, know the witchcraft (and by witchcraft, I mean statistics) through which the equating process occurs. Nor could I learn, unless I had access to lots of secret College Board test data. What I do have is some advice on how to approach the relationship between raw scores and scaled scores. The Magic Castle where equating takes place. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Setting a Target Scaled Score for an SAT Subject Test To reiterate what we've gone over so far, each SAT Subject Test is equated to give you a final scaled score on a scale of 200-800. The SAT Subject Test score you should aim for ultimately depends on what scores the schools you're applying to are looking for. To figure out what your goal score should be, look up the average or recommended SAT Subject Test scores of admitted applicants for each of your schools. For example, if you're applying to the Ivy League,this guide goes over the scores you should aim for on each Subject Test (depending on your major). You can also look up SAT score info on schools' official websites or contact schools' admissions offices and ask them what you should aim for. Note that more and more schools merely recommend SAT Subject Test scores and don't require them. That said, if you're applying to a highly selective school, you should still try to submit Subject Test scores since a high score can greatly boost your chances of admission. If you can't find exact score data for a school, estimate what score you'll need to get based on how selective the institution is.Competitive schools generally want to see SAT Subject Test scores in at least the 700s- sometimes 750+. Once you've filled out your chart, look for the highest score on it. This will be your goal (scaled) score for that SAT Subject Test.Get this score, and you'll have an excellent shot at getting into all the schools you're applying to. In the example above, a perfect 800 would give you your best shot at getting into these top-tier schools. But what raw score should you aim for on your SAT Subject Test? How to Set a Target Raw Score for an SAT Subject Test You might be wondering what raw score you should be targeting based on your target scaled score. Due to the equating process and variations among tests, there’s no way to determine exactly what raw score you'll need in order to get your target scaled score. That said, there are ways to give you a rough idea. Option 1: Consult Raw Score Conversion Charts in the Official Guide For starters, if you have The Official Study Guide to ALL SAT Subject Tests(which I highly recommend if you're taking any Subject Tests!), you can flip to the raw score-scaled score conversion chart at the back of the practice test for your subject to geta decent approximation of what raw score you should be aiming for to get a certain scaled score. For example, on the Literature test, you can see that a raw score of 55 out of 61 possible points converts to 770. Meanwhile, on Math Level II, 46 (out of a possible 50 raw points) converts to 800. And so on. Here's an abbreviated conversion chart we've put together for those who don't have access to the official SAT Subject Tests guide. Though this chart will not work perfectly for every Subject Test, it should still be able to give you an estimated raw score to aim for: Raw Score Lit US Hist W Hist 95 - - 800 90 - 800 800 85 - 800 800 80 - 800 800 75 - 770 780 70 - 730 750 65 - 700 720 60 800 670 690 55 770 650 670 50 730 620 640 45 690 600 610 40 650 570 580 35 610 540 560 30 570 520 530 25 530 490 500 20 490 460 470 15 450 440 440 10 410 410 410 5 370 390 380 0 below 200-330 230-360 220-360 Raw Score Math I Math II 50 800 800 45 760 800 40 720 760 35 670 700 30 620 650 25 580 610 20 510 580 15 470 540 10 430 500 5 390 460 0 below 250-350 300-410 Raw Score BioE BioM Chem Phy 85 - - 800 - 80 800 800 790 - 75 780 790 760 800 70 750 760 740 800 65 720 730 710 800 60 690 700 690 800 55 670 670 670 770 50 640 640 640 730 45 610 620 620 700 40 580 590 590 670 35 550 560 570 630 30 520 530 540 600 25 480 490 520 560 20 450 460 490 530 15 410 420 460 490 10 370 390 430 460 5 340 350 400 420 0 below 220-320 240-330 270-370 270-390 Languages- Listening Raw Score Chinese French German 85 800 800 770 80 800 800 750 75 770 800 730 70 740 760 700 65 720 730 680 60 690 690 650 55 670 660 620 50 640 630 590 45 620 600 570 40 590 570 540 35 560 540 520 30 540 520 500 25 510 490 470 20 490 460 450 15 460 430 420 10 430 400 390 5 410 370 360 0 below 220-380 200-330 270-330 Languages- Listening Raw Score Japanese Korean Spanish 85 - - 800 80 800 800 780 75 770 780 740 70 730 750 700 65 690 720 650 60 640 690 620 55 600 660 590 50 560 630 550 45 530 600 530 40 490 570 500 35 460 540 470 30 430 510 440 25 400 480 410 20 370 450 390 15 340 410 360 10 300 380 340 5 270 350 310 0 below 200-240 200-320 200-280 Languages - Reading Raw Score French German Modern Hebrew 85 800 800 800 80 800 780 770 75 800 750 700 70 770 720 640 65 730 680 600 60 700 640 560 55 670 610 530 50 640 570 500 45 610 540 480 40 590 510 460 35 560 480 440 30 530 450 420 25 510 430 400 20 480 400 390 15 450 380 370 10 430 360 350 5 400 330 320 0 below 230-380 200-310 200-290 Languages - Reading Raw Score Italian Latin Spanish 85 - - 800 80 800 - 780 75 770 - 750 70 740 800 720 65 710 790 680 60 680 750 640 55 660 720 600 50 630 680 560 45 600 650 530 40 570 610 500 35 540 580 470 30 500 540 450 25 460 510 420 20 430 480 400 15 400 460 380 10 370 430 360 5 330 410 340 0 below 200-300 270-390 200-310 Raw veggies are just like raw scores- only greener. Option 2: Use SAT Subject Test Percentiles You can also check out the percentiles for all SAT Subject Tests.These tell you what percentile rank each scaled score corresponds to. They won’t tell you the corresponding raw score, but you can still get a solid idea of how many questions you can afford to get wrong for a top score. Here's a brief overview of the current percentiles for all SAT Subject Tests: Score Lit US Hist W Hist Math I Math II 800 99 97 96 99 79 750 91 83 85 92 60 700 75 64 71 74 45 650 56 46 55 57 31 600 40 30 40 42 17 550 28 19 24 29 9 500 19 12 14 19 4 450 12 7 6 10 2 400 5 3 3 5 1- 350 1 1 1- 1 1- 300 1- 1- 1- 1- - 250 1- - 1- - - Score BioE BioM Chem Phy 800 97 94 90 87 750 88 79 72 70 700 74 61 54 53 650 55 42 38 38 600 37 27 24 25 550 23 16 15 15 500 13 10 8 9 450 8 6 4 4 400 5 3 1 1 350 2 1 1- 1- 300 1- 1- - - 250 1- 1- - - Language - Listening Score CH FR GE JA KO SP 800 62 80 96 88 62 94 750 22 66 83 50 21 74 700 12 53 66 33 55 650 7 38 52 24 6 38 600 4 27 42 16 4 24 550 3 17 28 2 15 500 1 10 17 6 1 9 450 1- 4 10 3 1 4 400 1- 1 5 2 1- 2 350 - 1- 2 1 1- 1 300 - - 1- 1- - 1- 250 - - - 1- - 1- Languages - Reading Score FR GE MH IT LA SP 800 87 93 85 88 94 92 750 77 76 71 64 82 77 700 65 63 63 49 67 60 650 53 51 55 36 54 44 600 41 41 46 24 41 30 550 28 31 38 16 27 19 500 17 22 29 14 450 9 13 16 7 5 6 400 3 6 8 5 1 2 350 1- 2 2 3 - 1 300 - 1- 1- 1 - 1- 250 - - - 1- - 1- So how can you use these percentiles to determine how many questions you can get wrong? Let's take a look. If an 800 is a 99th percentile score, as it is for Literature and Math Level I, the curve is going to be much steeper than it is for a test like Math Level II (in which an 800 is only a 79th percentile score). That means that to get an 800 on Math II, you have to score better than only 80% of test takers, while to get an 800 on Math I, you have to score better than 99% of test takers! Basically, the higher the percentile number is for an 800 score, the fewer questions you can afford to get wrong for a score at the top of the range. This also means that a top score for these exams really stands out. Option 3: Look at Average SAT Subject Test Scores A final option is to look atthe average scores for each SAT Subject Test.Here's an overview of the current averages for each test: SAT Subject Test Average Score Literature 607 US History 640 World History 622 Math Level I 605 Math Level II 693 Ecological Biology 618 Molecular Biology 650 Chemistry 666 Physics 667 Chinese with Listening 760 French with Listening 668 German with Listening 618 Japanese with Listening 703 Korean with Listening 761 Spanish with Listening 662 French 628 German 620 Modern Hebrew 612 Italian 666 Latin 626 Spanish 647 Source: The College Board A high average score doesn’t necessarily mean the test is easy, though- it could also mean that the students who take it tend to have a high skill level in the subject. Moreover,on tests with high averages, it can be hard to differentiate yourself from the pack, so that’s something else to keep in mind. Overall, there’s no secret way to know what raw score will correspond to a given scaled score when you sit down to take an SAT Subject Test. However, you can get a ballpark idea of how to meet your target scaled score by using official SAT conversion charts and recentpercentile rankings. Stand out like the ballerina in the front. Wait, Elsa, is that you? Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Meeting a Target Raw Score on an SAT Subject Test Due to the guessing penalty, meeting a raw target score isn’t as simple as answering a certain number of questions correctly. You also need to think about the points you’ll lose from incorrect answers. The guessing penalty doesn’t mean that you should never guess if you aren’t completely sure of the answer. The more answer choices you can eliminate, the better your chances are of getting the right answer and avoiding the penalty. Let’s go over the math. Most SAT Subject Test questions have five answer choices. Ifguessing randomly, you'll have a 20% chance of getting the question right. Thus, you would most likely get onein fivequestions correct if randomly guessing. But if for every correct answer you get 1 point and for every four questions wrong you lose 0.25 points, this comes out to a penalty of 1 point per question.This means you'll net zero points! More importantly, though, it means you’ve wasted time. Clearly, random guessing is not a great strategy. But what if you could eliminate one answer choice per question? Assuming you’ve eliminated the answer correctly, this gives you a slightly higher 25% chance of getting the question right, or an average of one in four questions right. In this case, you'll get 1 point for every correct answer and lose 0.25 points for every three questions, resulting in a penalty of 0.75 points per question. That’s a net of 0.25 points! Is this really worth it, though? Remember that raw scores round to the nearest whole number, so if you're guessing on four questions, your 0.25 points won’t help you go up a point- they’ll just round back down. Unless you guess on eight questions with one answer choice eliminated per question, you are not likely to net any gains to your raw score this way. It’s a different story if you can eliminate two answer choices per question. If you guess on three five-choice questions and can eliminate two answers each for those questions, you'll have a 33% chance of getting each question right. Chances are, you’ll get one of those three questions right. That’s 1 point. You’ll get penalized for your two wrong answers by 0.25 points each. That’s -0.5 points. One point gained - 0.5 point penalty = a net of 0.5 points. Since raw scores are rounded to the nearest point, that adds a point to your raw score! Awesome. And your chances only go up the more answer choices you can eliminate. Keep in mind that this is just probability. Depending on whether you’re lucky or unlucky, you could get better or worse results. But the math is definitely on your side for guessing if you can eliminate two or more answers. This will boost your raw score and help you meet your target score. Key Takeaways: SAT Subject Tests Scoring SAT Subject Test scoring is a little unusual because your score doesn’t just account for how many questions you answered correctly- it also includes deductions for questions you answered incorrectly. Your raw score is calculated by subtracting the penalty for each question you got wrong from the points ofquestions you answered correctly, rounded to the nearest whole number. The College Board then converts your raw score to a scaled score via a process called equating so that scores from different administrations of the test are comparable with each other. Because of this, it’s hard to say with total certainty what raw score you'll need in order to hit a particular scaled score. That said, you can get a general idea using the conversion charts in The Official Guide to ALL SAT Subject Tests and the most recent Subject Test percentile rankings. When you're trying to hit your target raw score, remember that on questions you aren't totally sure of, the more answer choices you can eliminate, the better your chances are of guessing the correct answer and avoiding a penalty. You can do it, you beautiful SAT butterfly! The rarely seen SAT butterfly. What's Next? How many SAT Subject Tests should you take, anyway? Read our guide to get expert advice on what the best number of tests is for you.In addition, seewhich SAT Subject Tests will be easiest for you. Wondering which colleges require you to send SAT Subject Test scores? See our complete list. Taking the regular SAT, too? Be sure to review our in-depth guide to the SAT format. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Is There an Inherent and Morally Required Connection Between Love and Essay

Is There an Inherent and Morally Required Connection Between Love and Sex - Essay Example The paper provides a brief philosophic discussion of what love and sex are and reevaluates the significance of the love-sex connection in philosophy. Keywords: sex, love, philosophy, connection, morality. Is There an Inherent or Morally Required Connection between Sex and Love? Philosophy is one of the most interesting sources of information about reality and life. Philosophy provides a unique channel for self-reflection and analysis of the most controversial aspects of the social, economic, and cultural reality. The value of philosophy is not only in the questions it raises but in the answers it provides and the analytical and systematic nature of the philosophic method (Halwani, 2010). It would be fair to say that philosophy reacts to the emerging issues, to understand their nature and provide possible solutions. The topic of sex and love has long been a matter of hot philosophic debate. Most world religions, especially in the western world, treat sex without love as inacceptable a nd immoral. In the meantime, the postmodern world is moving toward greater rationality in all life decisions, including sex. Sex provides physical pleasure and creates an atmosphere of intimacy, for which many people long. In the postmodern reality, there is no required connection between love and sex; there is nothing immoral in pursuing sexual desire, if it is mutual; love can add intensity to sexual relations but it is not mandatory in physical contacts among humans. Humans consider themselves as higher creatures. They have mind, cognition, and language which no animals have. They also have a unique capacity to be in love and love others. This is why love is often believed to be a mandatory component in the sexual relations among humans. However, the connection between love and sex is not simple but multidimensional. It involves a broad range of feelings, from pure sexual desire, to the feeling of victory, intimacy, and love. In the postmodern world ruled by rationality and reaso n, love gives place to other mundane considerations, and sex without love is no longer considered immoral. Yet, to clarify why the connection between love is neither required nor relevant, we first need to understand the nature of love and the philosophic implications of sex and sexual desire. Sex remains one of the most controversial aspects of philosophy, morality, and ethics. Thousands of people keep to a belief that sexual desire is immoral, if it is not linked to attraction and love. Others claim that sex is empty without feeling. Whatever the reason, the nature of sex, especially plain sex, in philosophy raised different interpretations. Basically, sexual love was always considered as inferior to platonic love (Goldenberg et al., 1999). The latter presupposed that people who engaged in sexual intercourse had greater moral goals, namely procreation, and based their sexual desires on the constant exchange of other, non-sexual beliefs, interests and experiences. Religions in all parts of the world supported this view, trying to equate the nature of chastity with the meaning of virtue (Goldenberg et al., 1999). In the non-western world, sex is favored and desired in marriage but not beyond it; Indian and African cultures treat sex as an indispensable component of people’s daily lives. At the beginning of the postmodern era, sex has acquired new philosophic coloring, being both the

The affect of the economic climate on hospitalty industry Essay

The affect of the economic climate on hospitalty industry - Essay Example The many industries that are involved in the boosting of the economy have suffered heavily as a result of all these changes. This paper will review some of the industries most affected by the recession, and how they have handled the situation from the moment they have had to bear the brunt. One of the main industries that have by far been hard hit by the recession is the hotel industry. This industry has faced the rough waters and has, at some point, hit rock bottom. The question whether it has recovered from the escalation of the recession is answered by measuring where things stopped being worse. For example, room occupation rates in many hotels dropped drastically (Barrows 2008). The tourism industry, which goes hand in hand with the hotel industry, has had to bear this huge burden too. With the rise in fuel prices and transport, it is hard for tourists to travel far and wide to their travel destinations. During economic hardships, individuals, irrespective of where they are, still think of ways to fulfil their basic needs. Some expenses, for example, vacations and holidays take a back-burner. This means that the hotel and tourism industry is likely to be affected greatly by these changes (Dimitri & Debbage 1998). This is because there will be a drop in the services provided by the hotel industry, meaning that employees at these hotels will have to be let go. The same rule of supply and demand applies everywhere. As the demand for these industries decreases, so does the supply. This means that the economy continues to suffer heavily. One effect of the recession could be the high cost of living being experienced. This implies that the ordinary people cannot afford to spend far from what they earn. This could affect the hospitality industry since even getting to enjoy a decent three course meal in a restaurant becomes difficult. People only think of the expenses they will incur if they indulge themselves in luxury. As the cost of living

Examine computer Forensics and Privacy Essay Example for Free

Examine computer Forensics and Privacy Essay Although the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution protects us from illegal searches and seizures, it left somewhat of a grey area when it came to electronic communications. With all the technological advances almost every person uses some kind of device to communicate electronically that goes out to the Internet. When using these devices to communicate information can be intercepted and even altered in some ways. Because of these advances in technology Congress has implemented laws to protect people from having information stolen or accessed illegally by individuals or even in some cases Law Enforcement. In the advent of Computer Forensics, certain guidelines must be met before obtaining any information either by intercepting the transmission, securing the device or acquiring the information by means of remotely connecting into the device. Several laws have been implemented to protect a person’s rights with regards to accessing their electronically stored data. The Wire Tap Act is one of these laws. This law prohibits any interception of a communication between two private parties without an order issued by a court. Any violation of this Act will result in criminal or civil liability, and a violation by governmental officials in a case could result in a suppression of that evidence. Both the Stored Wired and Electronic Communications Act, and the Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices Statute identify the need for protecting the privacy of individuals with regards to computers and the data within them. Initially this act was regarding phone numbers that an individual called, but since the implementation of the Patriot Act, I.P addresses can now be accessed along with emails ,communication ports, and what Web sites are being accessed from either your computer or cell phone. Investigators must obtain legal access to computers before obtaining any data from them. The case of Jamie Staley provided an example of how such an intrusion of computer privacy can in fact take place. This case involved the defendant Jamie Staley intercepting emails from members of her husband’s family with  information pertaining to a bitter divorce and child custody battle. Through computer forensic analysis it was determined that in fact Jamie had intercepted and in some cases altered electronic transmissions made by her ex husband’s grandparents and their attorney. This was clearly a violation of the Attorney Client privilege and also the Wire Tap Act, which clearly stated that electronic data being transmitted cannot be intercepted by a third party. An argument can also be made that the Stored Wired and Communications Act regarding accessing stored data had also been violated. When gathering evidence the individual who is responsible for the process has an obligation to obtain the data as accurately and responsibly as possible. Data must be collected both legally and proficiently, in order to protect the rights of the individuals being investigated. Both policies and procedures must be followed to protect the integrity, and reliability of the evidence being collected. Sources: 1. Stored Communications Act : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored_Communications_Act 2. Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices https://ssd.eff.org/wire/govt/pen-registers 3. Computer Security and Forensics Law Checklist: By Josh Wepman http://www.ehow.com/list_6746948_computer-security-forensics-law-checklist.html

Macbeth: Superstitions :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeth: Superstitions The tragedy of Macbeth was written by Shakespeare in 1606 and produced in 1610. Macbeth is the most concentrated of Shakespeare's tragedies. The action gushes forward with great speed from the beginning to end. The main characters in the play are Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, who are very noble, but their evil ambition ultimately causes their downfall and death. The play focuses around evil, greed and the supernatural. The play was written by Shakespeare for the king at that time, since he was a big believer of witches and the supernatural. Supernatural is classified as the unnatural or the explainable mysteries of our universe. In Shakespeare's time many people would relate many of the unusual happening against the supernatural, since this was the most simplistic of an answer to give. Elizabethan's have several beliefs in superstitions. Some of these superstitions include that they believe in witches, ghosts, destiny, and the foretelling of the future. This essay will investigate superstitions and how they are used in the play Macbeth. Witches were believed by many people in Shakespeare's day. The supernatural was believed by everyone from the educated to the non-educated. When something was not explainable they would relate that problem to the supernatural, even though today that same problem was explainable in scientific terms. The witches in this play are named by Shakespeare as the "weird Sisters". These witches had all the features of witches in those days; old people, dirty broken clothe and come together in groups of three. These witches have many animal's but in this play - a cat, and a toad are used - who are actually evil spirits who have taken this form. In Macbeth we here about the owl quite often which has to relate to the witches. The owl gives a sense of scariness which makes the paly thrilling to read. It keeps the reader hooked to the play and the suspense increases with every scary sound. Macbeth had many nightmares, which were caused by the witches, even so hallucinations, such as the "air-drawn dagger." that Macbeth seen before he went to kill Duncan. The very - word "nightmare," often called in Shakespeare's time "the riding of the witch", which refers to a witch riding wildly through the night on horseback, visiting bad dreams on her victims. Supernatural is the unusual, unseen, and the unknown. The supernatural occurs in many parts of the play. The supernatural occurs in the appearances of the witches, in the strange behaviour in nature on the night of Duncan's murder, in the appearance of Banquo's ghost, in the apparitions with their prophecies,

Anabolic Steroids in the Enhancement of Muscle Development Essay

People nowadays have been more conscious of their physical appearance. The will of others to be physically fit, enables them to enroll in different programs or even engage themselves in the administration of drugs that help enhance muscle development. One of these drugs is the Anabolic steroid. Anabolic steroids are defined as synthetic substances that are similar to the sex hormones in men. These are used as treatment for other conditions, and may also be used to increase the testosterone level in men. In addition to this, the use of such steroids also enhances the muscle mass of its users. Most of these, if not all, require a prescription upon purchase, for these may have effects on the body of the individual, causing irreversible health problems (National Institute of Drug Abuse, March 2007). These drugs are often used by athletes, bodybuilders, and people who are in need of excellent physical performance. Steroids are known to help in the increasing of the strength, aggressiveness, and body mass of its users. In addition to this, the continuous use of this drug increases the muscle size of users, at the same time helps in the improvement of the physical appearance through the reduction of the body fat (Greater Dallas Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 6 March 2006). The Mayo Clinic website defines that steroids may be administered in a number of different ways. Two of the most common routes of administration were oral and parenteral. For oral administration, these come in the form of tablets (Mayo Clinic, 1 January 2008). They may also be administered parenterally, either through the subcutaneous and intramuscular routes (Greater Dallas Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 6 March 2006). Some of the most common oral steroids used include Oxymetholone (Anadrol), Oxandrolone (Oxandrin), Dianabrol (Methandrostenolone), and Winstrol (Stanozolol). Injectable steroids, on the other hand, include Nandrolone decanoate (Deca-Durabolin), Nandron phenpropionate (Durabolin), Testosterone cypionate (Depo-Testosterone, and Bodlenon undecyclenate (Equipoise) (National Institute on Drug Abuse, April 2000, p2). Steroids help in the increase of muscle development in the body. This occurs when hypogonadal men receive treatments to increase their testosterone levels. The continuous use of anabolic steroids contribute to the increase in muscle mass of the user, most specifically in the mass of the upper part of the body. Furthermore, studies have shown that the administration of these drugs have an effect in the biochemistry and the morphology of the muscles. Biopsies have shown that there was a dramatical increase in the muscle fibers and the average fiber size, especially in the trapezius muscle upon continuous use of the steroid (Kuhn, 2002). The excessive use of anabolic steroids may result in negative effects in the body. Some of its major effects include liver tumors, jaundice, fluid retention, hypertension, trembling, severe acne, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps, and stunted height. Some people take these symptoms for granted, associating them with another illness other than steroid use. Aside from these effects, there were also gender specific effects of steroid use (ATOD Prevention Center, n. d. ). Even adolescents, when given excessive doses of steroids are greatly affected. Puberty changes arise, with their skeletal system growing prematurely. Men, being the most users of steroids, are also affected. Their testicles tend to shrink, with their sperm count greatly reduced to that of normal. There is also a great risk of baldness and the possible development of breasts, and worse, the risk of acquiring prostate cancer. Women on the other hand, tend to grow facial hair, and have male-pattern baldness tendencies. Steroid administration also results to the stopping or irregularity of the menstrual cycle, and the tendency to be moon-faced. For others, the drug administration may also result in a deeper speaking voice, accompanied by clitoris enlargement (Narconon Trois-Rivieres, 2 April 2008). Aside from all these effects, steroid abuse may also have psychological effects on the user. Depression, irritability, distractions, forgetfulness, paranoia, aggression, and manic episodes are the most common psychological effects of steroid use (ATOD Prevention Center, n. d. ). The continued use results in the sudden change in an individual’s way of thinking and their urge to hurt other people. The Drugtext website has stated that a test was made on three cases, marking their changes on their steroid use. All three resulted in a higher rate of aggression rates with the use of steroids, as compared to those who do not use the drug (Williamson, 1994). With the given data, it is just but necessary for people to learn how to control the use of these drugs. More lives may be saved, and addictions may be avoided. Let us all contribute to the upheaval of a healthy environment towards a drug-free life. Works Cited â€Å"Anabolic Steroid Abuse. † National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Report Series 4 (2000): 1- 8. â€Å"Drug Rehabilitation Center: Steroids. † 2 April 2008. Narconon Trois-Rivieres. 8 April 2008 . Kuh, Cynthia M. â€Å"Anabolic Steroids. † 2002. Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 8 April 2008 . â€Å"NIDA: InfoFacts: Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic). † January 2, 2008 National Institute On Drug Abuse. Retrieved 7 April 2008 . â€Å"Steroids. † ATOD Prevention Center. 8 April 2008 . â€Å"Steroids. † 6 March 2006. Greater Dallas Council on Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Retrieved 7 April 2008 Williamson, Doug. â€Å"The Psychological Effects of Anabolic Steroids. † The International Journal of Drug Policy 5. 1 (1994): 8 April 2006 .

Are Marketers Responsible for the Use of Harmful Products in Society? Essay

Mattel Toys is currently in the process of withdrawing millions of toys released in the market following disclosures that the toys have substantially high elements of lead in their paint. Excess lead can be harmful if ingested by children and can cause mental retardation, a fact that senior managers at Mattel would have been well aware of. With the blame game on and Mattel managers assuming the role of well intentioned victims of callous suppliers, consumers can do little but wait for the next big scandal. The Mattel incident is just another sordid episode in the history of marketers being responsible for the use of harmful products in society. Whilst many people consider ethical marketing to be an oxymoron, there also exists a body of thinkers who feel that marketers contribute to social and economic development, are largely ethical and sell products that fulfil customer needs and are of use to society. The issue, while discussed at great length by business experts, social researchers and marketing academics remains topical and an issue that is far from resolution. The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) enjoins business firms to consider social and community interests by taking responsibility for the effect of their actions on customers, shareholders, the community, and the environment in all areas of work. This concept extends beyond the scope of existing legislation and encompasses voluntary actions to ensure well being and improvement of quality of life of all stakeholders and the community at large.   Milton Friedman, as is well known, had something very different to say. In his words, â€Å"In a free economy, there is one and only one social responsibility of business †¦ to use its resources †¦ to increase its profits †¦ as long as it stays within the rules of the game†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Lantos, 2001, p 603) Friedman goes on to emphasise â€Å"few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundation of our free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possible. This is a fundamentally subversive doctrine† (Anderson, 1989, p. 3) Friedman is not alone in such thoughts and there appear to be a number of experts who share such views. Donaldson, for example states that corporate executives who do not seek profits above all else are irresponsible in performing their functions. (Mascarenhas, 1995, p 46)Even while CSR is becoming a common enough flourish on corporate websites, many corporations, as is evidenced by the Mattel case still firmly believe in Friedman’s wisdom..   Whilst the protection and furtherance of customer interest is obviously among the foremost objectives of the CSR strategy of business corporations, corporate history is studded with scandals involving company wrongdoing in areas of marketing, finance, tax evasion, environmental degradation, and community activity. CSR tenets demand firms to sell products that are, in the first instance, safe and non injurious to consumers, the immediate community, the society at large and the environment, regardless of profitability considerations or perceived customer value. Notwithstanding the current obsession with CSR (evidenced among other things by the growing Fair Trade movement), history makes a strong case for its consistent and widespread denial by marketers and is replete with instances of companies not only introducing harmful goods in the market but also making strenuous efforts to ensure its widespread use and proliferation. Marketing has, during the past few decades become the most critical function of the modern day corporation. Even as the constant practice of marketing strategy has led to the enormous expansion of businesses, a number of ethical issues have manifested themselves in western nations, first as general concerns, and later as clear enunciations by various experts. Most of these issues relate to the introduction and propagation of products that harm and disempower consumers and communities.   Marketing activity, according to these experts, can be damaging to the personal choice and autonomy of the buyer, manipulative of social values, and deceptive in its message. In an article on â€Å"Is there more to Ethical Marketing than Marketing Ethics† Michel Brennan (1991, p 10) argues that the ultimate goal in a commercial venture is some sort of profit achievement. The needs and wants of consumers as well as the wider concerns for their impact on society become relevant only to the extent of their effect on the profitability of the organisation. With marketers following this approach many inequities have crept into the practice of marketing. It is particularly seen to be biased against minorities like gays and ethnic groups, guilty of unethical practices against the elderly, who are targeted with products related to time shares, and living trusts, exploitative of children, who are influenced at impressionable stages to consume unhealthy food and drinks, and buy undesirable fashion ware, derogatory towards women, who are used to elicit judgements on sexuality rather than product attributes, and cynically manipulative of the developing world, which is made the dumping ground for unnecessary, and often harmful, goods. George Ritzer, in his celebrated book â€Å"The McDonaldization of Society†, (1993, p 37) illustrates in graphic detail the all pervasive and malevolent impact that mass marketing can have on humankind. Ritzer argues that McDonaldization refers to a process wherein the principles of the fast-food industry, namely efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control through technology are applied to numerous sectors of society on a global basis. This process, while being immensely profitable to businesses, has the potential to cause great harm to society. In McDonald’s, customers entering fast food outlets are manipulated to pay for their food items before tasting them, collect their orders from common distribution points, choose from a restricted and unimaginative range of unhealthy and high calorie foods, sit on uncomfortable chairs, (thus being urged to gobble their food and vacate their places fast enough), and put their trays into the garbage on their way out. Similar practices, with the help of mass advertising and focussed promotions, have enveloped and controlled society in numerous ways. A recent study on confectionery retailing and merchandising by revealed that merchandising decisions were driven more by issues like space maximisation, profitability and customer pressure rather than by social responsibility. (Piacentinin, MacFadyen and Eadie 2000, p 463) The role of advertising in marketing has also come under severe attack by critics who feel that several harmful values like conspicuous consumption, greed, envy, emulation   and self-centredness, to name a few, get reinforced by advertising. Whilst reactions like these do carry elements of self righteous extremism, the argument that advertising can be more restrained and less blatantly aggressive in promoting consumption, particularly for products that appear to be harmful to vulnerable segments of society, is also valid. Developments in technology, consumer response and behaviour, and marketing thought have led to the introduction of a number of variables that have altered both the practice of marketing and its perception in the eyes of practitioners, theoreticians and students. Progress in communication and internet technology has created a proliferation of information and provided consumers with an array of choices. Not all of these developments have been positive. Computer and electronic communication technology have made it possible for large organisations to capture and store personal and some times very private data, on huge scales, thus leading to intrusions into the personal space and security of individuals. Recent trends in the west have reflected the emergence of a different line of thinking, namely postmodernism, in most areas of human thought and endeavour. Whilst modern marketing thought, exemplified by the McDonaldized society, follows extols the superiority of mechanised working, as well as extreme standardisation, and works on the achievement of progressive debasement of humans post modernism bewilders with its plurality of currents and styles, characterised by the juxtaposition of opposing thoughts. In marketing situations, the emergence of post modernism is reflected by the fragmentation of society, the rise of individuals, greater awareness in marketers of their ethical responsibilities and the development of movements like that of Fair Trade.   The concept of QOL (Quality of Life) marketing is also rapidly gaining ground. QOL concepts broadly require marketers to enhance customer well being and satisfaction without harming either the community or the various stakeholders. (Sirgy, and Dong-Jin, 1996, p22) QOL, by its very scope, is applicable to many marketing decisions and especially to the selling of harmful products. While post modernist thinkers like Stephen Brown have been vehement in their criticism of modern marketing thought, especially on the irrelevance of mass marketing in an increasingly fragmented and more informed society, the larger corporate response favours staying with accepted marketing dictum and, of late, tweaking the marketing mix to include ethical concerns. Thus whilst there is an appreciation of the changed environment, its demands are yet to be addressed sufficiently in the absence of concretised strategies that can be applied to maintain and wrest competitive advantage. Intensive research will no doubt provide strategies that can cope with the changed realities in the marketplace and enable marketing to work towards social good. In summation it would appear that while the movement to bring in ethics into the marketing of products is gaining headway much work still needs to be done and marketers need to internalise the tenets of corporate social responsibility in their working attitudes. CSR objectives would be very well served if marketers, even as they strive for competitive advantage and business profits also take care to observe time held values like honesty and exactitude, gratitude, justice, and protection of the health and safety of others. References Brennan, M, 1991, Is there more to ethical marketing than marketing ethics, Marketing Bulletin, Vol. 2, Pgs 8 to 17 Mascarenhas, OAJ. 1995, ‘Exonerating unethical marketing executive behaviours: A diagnostic framework’, Journal of Marketing, Vol.59, No.2, 43-57. Lantos, GP. 2001, ‘The boundaries of strategic corporate responsibility’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol.18, No.7, 595-630 Nantel, J, 1996, Marketing ethics, Is there more to it than the utilitarian approach?, European Journal of Marketing, Vol.30, No. 5, Pgs 9 to 19 Piacentinin, M, MacFadyen, L., & Eadie, D. 2000, ‘Corporate social responsibility in food retailing’, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 28, No.11, 459-469. Ritzer, G, 1993, The McDonaldization of Society, Pine Forge Press; Revised edition (September 1995) Sirgy, MJ. & Dong-Jin, L. 1996, ‘Setting socially responsible marketing objectives: A quality-of-life approach’, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 30, No. 5, 20-34.

Free Essays on Orwell Elephant

In George Orwell's short story Shooting an Elephant, he writes about racial prejudice and injustice. Orwell, which is the author’s pen name, (his real name is Eric Arthur Blair,) is a police officer in Moulmein, lower Burma and takes place during the rainy season. Orwell is as much a victim as the people he protects and secretly loves, but because of circumstances he cannot control, he actually becomes part of the vicious cycle he abhors. The author is, "for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British" and â€Å"I hated it more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear.†(1539) Orwell feels caught in the middle of this cultural struggle. He sympathizes with the oppressed people, secretly feeling that Imperialism is wrong, and yet he is treated poorly by the Burmese, since they perceive him as one of their oppressors. He comes to terms with the role he plays in this vicious cycle of oppression, as an Imperial servant, and the influence it has on him to shoot th e elephant. The Burmese people are treated as second-class citizens in their own country. They are oppressed, by the British Empire, which has invaded their land. Being a police officer, Orwell sees first hand the brutality prisoners experience, "huddling in the stinking cages of the lock-ups, the grey, cowed faces of the long-term convicts, the scared buttocks of the men who had been flogged with bamboos."(1539) but like so many Europeans he feels helpless to do anything about the atrocities he witnesses. Orwell is not forced to acknowledge these atrocities until he is put into the position to shoot an elephant. After, the elephant kills a native, the Burmese people look for the elephant to be killed. While contemplating on whether to shoot the elephant or not, his motives become personal. The author views himself as a victim, much the same as the Burmese people he was protecting and becomes pressured into doing what he did not want to do.... Free Essays on Orwell Elephant Free Essays on Orwell Elephant In George Orwell's short story Shooting an Elephant, he writes about racial prejudice and injustice. Orwell, which is the author’s pen name, (his real name is Eric Arthur Blair,) is a police officer in Moulmein, lower Burma and takes place during the rainy season. Orwell is as much a victim as the people he protects and secretly loves, but because of circumstances he cannot control, he actually becomes part of the vicious cycle he abhors. The author is, "for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British" and â€Å"I hated it more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear.†(1539) Orwell feels caught in the middle of this cultural struggle. He sympathizes with the oppressed people, secretly feeling that Imperialism is wrong, and yet he is treated poorly by the Burmese, since they perceive him as one of their oppressors. He comes to terms with the role he plays in this vicious cycle of oppression, as an Imperial servant, and the influence it has on him to shoot th e elephant. The Burmese people are treated as second-class citizens in their own country. They are oppressed, by the British Empire, which has invaded their land. Being a police officer, Orwell sees first hand the brutality prisoners experience, "huddling in the stinking cages of the lock-ups, the grey, cowed faces of the long-term convicts, the scared buttocks of the men who had been flogged with bamboos."(1539) but like so many Europeans he feels helpless to do anything about the atrocities he witnesses. Orwell is not forced to acknowledge these atrocities until he is put into the position to shoot an elephant. After, the elephant kills a native, the Burmese people look for the elephant to be killed. While contemplating on whether to shoot the elephant or not, his motives become personal. The author views himself as a victim, much the same as the Burmese people he was protecting and becomes pressured into doing what he did not want to do....

Learn How to Conjugate Sécher (to Dry) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Sà ©cher (to Dry) in French Meaning to dry, the French verb  sà ©cher  will be a good addition to your vocabulary. In order to say she dried or we will dry, however, you will need to study its conjugations. That is the focus of this introductory French lesson. The Basic Conjugations of  Sà ©cher Sà ©cher  is a  stem-changing verb  and that does throw a wrench into the conjugations. However, it is relatively easy to handle when you know what to look for. Pay close attention to the indicative mood forms of  sà ©cher  and youll notice that sometimes the accented  Ãƒ ©Ã‚  changes to  Ãƒ ¨. This happens most often in the present tense and the future gives you an option between the two. Other than that,  sà ©cher  follows the conjugation rules of  any  regular -er  verb. You can use the same endings you know for words like  tomber  (to fall) and apply them here. To study these, simply find the conjugation that corresponds to both the subject pronoun and the tense of your sentence. This results in  je sà ¨che  for I am drying and  nous sà ©chiez  for we dried. Present Future Imperfect je sche scheraischerai schais tu sches scherasscheras schais il sche scheraschera schait nous schons scheronsscherons schions vous schez scherezscherez schiez ils schent scherontscheront schaient The Present Participle of  Sà ©cher The  present participle  of  sà ©cher  does not get the stem change. Instead, you will simply add -ant  to the stem to form  sà ©chant. Sà ©cher  in the Compound Past Tense Passà © composà ©Ã‚  is the French compound past tense. This is where youll use the  past participle  sà ©chà ©Ã‚  along with the help of an auxiliary verb. To form it, begin by conjugating  avoir  into the present tense, then add the past participle. This gives us  jai sà ©chà ©Ã‚  for I dried and  nous avons sà ©chà ©Ã‚  for we dried. More Simple Conjugations of  Sà ©cher You will need to pay attention to the stem change in these forms of  sà ©cher  as well, particularly in  the subjunctive, which calls the act of drying into question.  The conditional  gives you the choice between the two forms because it implies that something will only be dried in the future if certain conditions are met. There is no stem change in either  the passà © simple  or  the imperfect subjunctive, both of which are literary tenses. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je sche scheraisscherais schai schasse tu sches scheraisscherais schas schasses il sche scheraitscherait scha scht nous schions scherionsscherions schmes schassions vous schiez scheriezscheriez schtes schassiez ils schent scheraientscheraient schrent schassent For short sentences, you may use  sà ©cher  in  the imperative.  Beyond the stem change in the  tu  form, youll also need to remember that the subject pronoun is not required here. Imperative (tu)           sà ¨che​​ (nous)  Ã‚  sà ©chons​​ (vous)  Ã‚  sà ©chez

How to develop a culture of safety in health care organizations Essay

How to develop a culture of safety in health care organizations - Essay Example Unfortunately, this culture led to many incidents not to be reported. To combat this problem, health-workers are encouraged to report problems instead of hiding them, so that they can be solved in time. To develop a culture of safety in health organizations, cultures are accessed occasionally so as to make amicable changes where necessary. Additionally, teamwork is highly recommended so as to avoid the occurrence of blame games and negligence of risky incidents. Most organizations also advocate the participation of the patient in the treatment process so as to create good communication system between healthcare personnel and patients (Duke University Medical Center, 2005). Additionally, involvement of patients in the treatment process leads to physicians observing rules and regulations to the later so as to minimize the occurrence of accidents within health-centers. Routine check-up and update of healthcare systems have also been found effective in developing a culture of safety in health organizations. Thus, many healthcare organizations not only maintain, but also update their systems in order to catch up with technological advancements that aid in enhancing patients’ safe ty. Additionally, most health organizations also advocate openness among its employees so as to enhance patients, workers, and personnel safety within healthcare environment (Duke University Medical Center, 2005). Rule of accountability has also been found effective in developing a culture of safety in healthcare organizations. It achieves this by ensuring all the healthcare providers do their respective jobs